Monday, October 3, 2011

Nigeria: Past Sorrows

"The past is never completely lost, however extensive the devastation. Your sorrows are the bricks and mortar of a magnificent temple. What you are today and what you will be tomorrow are because of what you have been. Your faith of yesterday is built into your faith today." -Gordon Wright

Nigeria is a country that has known its share of sorrows. Political instability, corruption, widespread violence and retaliations have become the norm when describing this nation. While there are those in the country working toward a brighter tomorrow, the scars of the past can never be fully erased. But we see those that choose to move forward, carrying their sorrows with them, and offering forgiveness to those that wounded them. The testimonies of the believers in Nigeria that we saw this past week are true examples of heroes of the faith. Despite all their sorrows, they trust in God to provide for them and to carry them through to a new day. May we draw strength from their example and never lose the enduring hope that we have in Chrits.

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Nigeria

Basic Info: Nigeria is a country slightly more than twice the size of California in Western Africa. It borders the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon. Of the 155,215,573 population, 50% is urban. Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential are Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%. English is the official language and Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani, are the other major languages and there are over 500 additional indigenous languages. About 3.3 million people are living with AIDS. Nigeria is a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for European, East Asian, and North American markets. Nigeria is a consumer of amphetamines and is a safe haven for Nigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide. Nigeria is a major money-laundering center and has massive corruption and criminal activity. Nigeria has improved some anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in June 2006. Nigeria's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF.

Government: Nigeria’s government and political history has been extremely turbulent. Britain’s influence and control over the region continued through the 19th century. After WWII, Nigeria had greater autonomy and finally gained independence in 1960. For the next 16 years, the country was ruled by the military. In 1999, a new constitution was adopted and there was a peaceful transition to civilian government. The country is a federal republic with 36 states and 1 territory. In addition, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions. Although both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history. In January 2010, Nigeria assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2010-11 term. The current President is Goodluck Jonathan. President Jonathan assumed the presidency on May 5, 2010 after the death of President Yar’Adua. Jonathan was declared Acting President on February 9, 2010 by the National Assembly during the extended illness of President Yar’Adua. According to the Constitution, the President is elected by popular vote for a four year term and is eligible for a second term. The legal system is a mix of English common law, Islamic law (in 12 northern states), and traditional law.

Economy: Nigeria is rich in oil, but since it has been hampered by political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management the country as a whole is not well off. About 70% of the population is below the poverty line. Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from its overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides 95% of foreign exchange earnings and about 80% of budgetary revenues. In 2008, Nigeria began pursuing economic reforms, like modernizing the banking system, curbing inflation by blocking excessive wage demands, and resolving regional disputes over the distribution of earnings from the oil industry. President Jonathan has pledged to continue the economic reforms of his predecessor with emphasis on infrastructure improvements. Infrastructure is the main impediment to growth and in August 2010 Jonathan unveiled a power sector blueprint that includes privatization of the state-run electricity generation and distribution facilities. The government also is working toward developing stronger public-private partnerships for roads. Nigeria’s debt has been a serious problem. In 2000, Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion credit from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. In 2002, Nigeria pulled out of its IMF program after failing to meet its targets. In 2005, a debt-relief deal was made that would eliminated $18 billion of debt in exchange for $12 billion in payments - a total package worth $30 billion of Nigeria's total $37 billion external debt. All 36 states operate TV stations with nearly 70 federal-government-controlled national and regional TV stations, and several private TV stations. Cable and satellite TV subscription services are available.

Religion: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%

Nigeria has known only one decade of an elected government since it gained its independence from Britain in 1960. In 1999, Olusegun Obasanjo, who says he found Christ while in prison under Nigeria’s previous military dictator, was elected as president. Nigeria is strongly divided between Christianity and Islam. The north of Nigeria is largely Muslim while the south is predominantly Christian. In 1999, Shari’a law was implemented in 12 northern and central states. Although the law was originally sanctioned to govern only Muslim citizens, non-Muslims living in the regions have also been affected. Christians frequently face opposition in areas controlled by Muslims. In mid-November 2008, two church buildings were destroyed within days of each other in the northern city of Yelwa, Bauchi state. Later that month, anti-Christian violence erupted in the central city of Jos following a local election. Six pastors were murdered, at least 500 other people killed, 40 church buildings were destroyed, and approximately 25,000 people were displaced.

Ethnic Tensions: The slave trade, both across the Sahara Desert and the Atlantic Ocean, had a profound influence on virtually all parts of Nigeria. The transatlantic trade in particular accounted for the forced migration of perhaps 3.5 million people between the 1650s and the 1860s, while a steady stream of slaves flowed north across the Sahara for a millennium, ending at the beginning of the twentieth century. Within Nigeria, slavery was widespread, with social implications that are still evident today. The Sokoto Caliphate, for example, had more slaves than any other modern country, except the United States in 1860. Slaves were also numerous among the Igbo, the Yoruba, and many other ethnic groups. Indeed, many ethnic distinctions, especially in the middle belt--the area between the north and south--were reinforced because of slave raiding and defensive measures that were adopted for protection against enslavement. Conversion to Islam and the spread of Christianity were intricately associated with issues relating to slavery and with efforts to promote political and cultural autonomy.

Information compiled from CIAWorldFactBook “Nigeria”, www.persecution.net “Nigeria”


Nigeria’s Government
1960-1966: First Republic of Nigeria under a British parliamentary system. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was elected Prime Minister.

1966 (January 15): Junior officers of the Nigerian army overthrew the government in a coup d’etat. The officers, most of whom were Igbo, assassinated Balewa in Lagos as well as some senior northern officers. The coup leaders pledged to establish a strong and efficient government committed to a progressive program and eventually to new elections. They vowed to stop the post-electoral violence and stamp out corruption that they said was rife in the civilian administration. General Johnson T. Aguiyi-Ironsi, the most senior military officer, and incidentally an easterner (Igbo), who stepped in to restore order, became the head of state.

1966 (July 29): A group of Northern officers and men stormed the Western Region’s governor’s residence and killed General Aguiyi Ironsi. Lt. Col Yakubu Gowon a fairly junior officer from the north became the new head of state.

1967: Lt Col Ojukwu, governor of the east, declared his region the Republic of Biafra. First shots were fired heralding a 30-month war between the Federal government and the rebel Republic of Biafra.

1970 (January 15): The civil war ended and reconstruction and rehabilitation begin.

1973 (May): Gowon establishes the National Youth Service Corps Scheme and introduces compulsory one-year service for all university graduates, to promote integration and peace.

1974: General Gowon said he could not keep his earlier promise to return power to a democratically elected government in 1976. He announced an indefinite postponement of a program of transition to civil rule.

1975 (October): Gowon was overthrown in a coup, on the anniversary of his ninth year in office. Brigadier (later General) Murtala Mohammed, the new head of state promised a 1979 restoration of democracy.

1976 (February 13): Murtala Mohammed was killed and he is succeeded by General Olusegun Obasanjo who pledged to pursue his predecessor’s transition program.

1979: Nigeria got a new constitution. Five political parties compete in a series of elections in which Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) is elected President.

1983(September): Shagari was re-elected president of Nigeria in August-September 1983.

1983(December 31): Following a coup d’etat, the military returned to power. Major-General Muhammadu Buhari was named head of state.

1985 (August 27): Following accusations of callousness and overzealousness, Buhari was overthrown in a palace coup. The army chief, General Ibrahim Babangida took over power.

1993 (June-August): After several postponements by the military administration, presidential elections were held. Businessman and newspaper publisher Moshood Abiola of the SDP took unexpected lead in early returns. Babangida on national television offered his reasons for annulling the results of the Presidential election. At least 100 people were killed in riots in the southwest, Abiola's home area. Under severe opposition and pressure, Babangida resigned as military president and appointed an interim government headed by Chief Ernest A. Shonekan.

1993 (November 17): General Sani Abacha, defence minister in the interim government and most senior officer, seized power from Shonekan, abolishes the constitution.
1994: Abiola, who had escaped abroad after the annulment, returned and proclaimed himself president. He was arrested and charged with treason.

1995 (July): Former head of state, Obasanjo was sentenced to 25 years in prison by a secret military tribunal for alleged participation in an attempt (widely believed to have been fictional) to overthrow the government.

1998 (June-July): General Abacha died suddenly and mysteriously. The official cause of death: heart attack. Nigerians swarmed the streets rejoicing. Gen. Abdulsalaam Abubakar was named Nigeria's eighth military ruler. He promised to restore civilian rule promptly. A month after General Abacha's death the United Nations General-Secretary Kofi Annan arrived in Nigeria to conclude deals for the release of Chief Abiola. Abiola died in detention of a heart disease, a week after Annan’s visit, before he could be released in a general amnesty for political prisoners. Abubakar promised to relinquish power on May 29, 1999.

1999 (February 15): Former military ruler Obasanjo won the presidential nomination of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).

1999 (May): A new Constitution was adopted. It was based on the 1979 Constitution.

1999 (May 29): Former Military Head of State, Olusegun Obasanjo, was sworn in as Nigeria's democratically elected civilian President.

2003: President Obasanjo and Atiku Abubakar are re-elected for a further 4 year term.

2007: President Yar’Adua and Vice President Goodluck Jonathan elected to lead Nigeria, marking the first ever successful civilian to civilian administration hand over in Nigerian political history.

2010: President Yar’Adua dies while in power due to ill-health, Goodluck Jonathan, his erstwhile Vice President, is sworn in as President.

The 2011 Presidential election was filled with turmoil and controversy over an unspoken rule. Tradition, not the Constitution, states that power of the Presidency rotates between the Muslim North and the Christian South. The tradition came about under the current People’s Democratic Party (PDP) as a way to address the ethnic and religious tensions in the country. Nigeria has seen more than its share of violence due to politics. After the death of President Yar’Adua, a Northern Muslim, his Vice President Jonathan, a Southern Christian, took over as acting president. The suggestion that Jonathan was considering running for the presidency in his own right was controversial as Yar'Adua had only served one of the two possible terms as president after Southerner Olusegun Obasanjo. However, of the three men seeking the 2011 Presidency as a PDP candidate, Jonathan was the best choice. Former military president Ibrahim Babangida and former vice-president Atiku Abubakar, who are both Northern Muslims, also were vying for the PDP spot. However, Babangida has himself been accused of looting $12.4 billion from the oil windfall during the first Gulf War when he was head of state. He also earned the “undying hatred” of the southwestern part of the country by annulling an election in which the business mogul Moshood Abiola was presumed to have won in 1993. Jonathan did win the PDP candidacy and he did win the 2011 Presidential elections. The election results were: Goodluck JONATHAN 58.9%, Muhammadu BUHARI 32.0%, Nuhu RIBADU 5.4%, Ibrahim SHEKARAU 2.4%, other 1.3%. The elections were considered Nigeria’s most successful since its return to multiparty democracy in 1999. However, violent widespread reactions came about as a result in the Muslim North and attacks against Christians in the North occurred because of Jonathan’s election to the Presidency.

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After Nigeria Presidential Election Results April 2011


Nigeria @ 50: Nigeria President Goodluck Jonathan on CNN - Africannewslive


CNN: Nigeria's Turmoil 2010


CNN - Babangida: Why I'm seeking election 2010 (The National Republican Convention (NRC) led by Bashir Tofa from northern Nigeria and the Social Democratic Party (SDP) led by Chief Kashimawo Olawale Moshood Abiola, from the southwest, both, wealthy businessmen. The SDP, led by the late Chief Moshood Abiola, obtained majority votes in the June 12 1993 presidential elections. Nevertheless, Nigerian’s hopes for a return to civilian rule were dashed when the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida annulled the results of the national elections after votes were counted. He comments on that decision in '93 in this interview.)


#1 Muslims Massacre Christians in Nigeria: Christians vs Muslims - part 1 of 2

#2 Muslims Massacre Christians in Nigeria: Christians vs Muslims - part 2 of 2
http://youtu.be/IugyvZ6ZAuU (If you would like to see this part, copy and paste the link into a separate browser. Be warned that there is an inappropriate video link that pops up when this video is finished playing and I didn't want to have it posted on the blog page.)

Muslims Murder 500 Christians in Nigeria


Nigerian Massacres 1-24-2010.mpg
http://youtu.be/14DKnJ2wp30 (If you would like to see this video copy and paste the link into a separate browser. Be warned that there is an inappropriate video link that pops up when this video is finished playing and I didn't want to have it posted on the blog page.)

Nigerian Death Toll Rises 2009


Hundreds Die in Nigerian Riots 2008


Christian Persecution in Nigeria 2008