Tuesday, August 2, 2011

Syria: Circumstances Beyond Our Control

"God allows everything to happen for a reason. Circumstances will either direct you, correct you, or perfect you." -Unknown

As we focus on Syria this month, we find a country in the midst of revolution. How long will the conflict last? Who will be in charge when it is all over? What laws will be changed as a direct result of these protests? What groups will come to power and how will they use that new power? How will any changes affect Christians living in Syria? These are all questions that we don't know the answers to yet. But we do know that no matter what is happening on earth, God is still sovereign.

Psalm 46
"God is our refuge and strength,
an ever-present help in trouble.
Therefore we will not fear, though the earth give way
and the mountains fall into the heart of the sea,
though its waters roar and foam
and the mountains quake with their surging.

There is a river whose streams make glad the city of God,
the holy place where the Most High dwells.
God is within her, she will not fall;
God will help her at break of day.
Nations are in uproar, kingdoms fall;
he lifts his voice, the earth melts.

The LORD Almighty is with us;
the God of Jacob is our fortress.

Come and see what the LORD has done,
the desolations he has brought on the earth.
He makes wars cease
to the ends of the earth.
He breaks the bow and shatters the spear;
he burns the shields with fire.
He says, “Be still, and know that I am God;
I will be exalted among the nations,
I will be exalted in the earth.”

The LORD Almighty is with us;
the God of Jacob is our fortress."

As we remember to pray for Syria this month, let us ask for God to be exalted in this country, even in the midst of revolution. Pray for our Christian brothers and sisters, that they will not be overcome by fear and that they will know the prescence of God. Pray for the God of Jacob to be a mighty fortress for his children, no matter who the victor in this revolution turns out to be.

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Syria

Basic Info: Syria is located in the Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Lebanon and Turkey and it is slightly larger than North Dakota. The population is 22,517,750 (July 2010 est.), and 56% is urban. Arabs are 90.3%, and Kurds, Armenians, and other are 9.7%. Arabic is the official language, but Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, and Circassian are widely understood while French and English are somewhat understood. Eighteen is the age for compulsory military service and the conscript service obligation is 21 months, unless in the Syrian Arab Navy which is only 18 months. Women are not conscripted but may volunteer to serve (2010). There are approximately 19,100 Israeli settlers who live in the Golan Heights (2008 est.). There are 41 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (2010 est.). Syria is a destination and transit country for women and children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. A significant number of women and children in the large and expanding Iraqi refugee community in Syria are reportedly forced into commercial sexual exploitation by Iraqi gangs or, in some cases, their families. Women from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Ethiopia, and Sierra Leone are recruited for work in Syria as domestic servants, but some face conditions of involuntary servitude, including long hours, non-payment of wages, withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, threats, and physical or sexual abuse. As of 2007, Syria again failed to report any law enforcement efforts to punish trafficking offenses. Also, the government did not offer protection services to victims of trafficking and may have arrested, prosecuted, or deported some victims for prostitution or immigration violations. Syria is also a transit point for opiates, hashish, and cocaine bound for regional and Western markets.

Government: After World War I, France was in control of the northern part of the Ottoman Empire. The French administered the area of Syria until granting it independence in 1946. However, due to political instability, the new country had a series of military coups during its first decades. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. It is now a republic under an authoritarian regime. In November 1970, Hafiz al-Asad, a member of the Socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawite sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional peace talks over its return. Following the death of President al-Asad, his son, Bashar al-Asad, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an professed peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In May 2007 Bashar al-Asad was elected to his second term as president. Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region, antigovernment protests broke out in the southern province of Da'ra in March 2011 and spread to other Syrian cities. Protesters called for the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials. The government responded with a mix of force and concessions, including the repeal of the Emergency Law, but they have not been successful in quelling protests as of July 2011. The courts are a mixture of civil law and Islamic law for family courts.

Economy: Syria still experienced economic growth in 2008-10 even though the global economic crisis affected oil prices and the economies of Syria's key export partners and sources of investment. Damascus has implemented modest economic reforms in the past few years, including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating all of the multiple exchange rates, raising prices on some subsidized items, most notably gasoline and cement, and establishing the Damascus Stock Exchange - which began operations in 2009. In addition, President Asad signed legislative decrees to encourage corporate ownership reform, and to allow the Central Bank to issue Treasury bills and bonds for government debt. Nevertheless, the economy remains highly controlled by the government. Long-run economic constraints include declining oil production, high unemployment, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution. About 11.9% of the population was below the poverty line in 2006. The media is run by the state. The state operates 2 TV networks and a satellite channel, but roughly two-thirds of Syrian homes have a satellite dish providing access to foreign TV broadcasts. There are 3 state-run radio channels and the first private radio station launched in 2005, but private radio broadcasters are prohibited from transmitting news or political content.

Religion: Sunni Muslim 74%, other Muslim (includes Alawite, Druze) 16%, Christian (various denominations) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)

Although Syria is considered religiously moderate, it remains a tense nation and is a leading centre of world terrorism today. It is one of several Muslim countries in which Christians have survived for centuries by accepting the second-class status known in Islam as "dhimmi." Officially it is a secular state but Muslims are given preferential treatment and the constitution requires the president to be a Muslim. Syria’s Christian minority, which primarily resides in the capital city of Damascus, is generally respected. There is freedom to worship and if Christians do not evangelize Muslims and keep their faith primarily private, open persecution is unlikely. However, any activity that could threaten the government or communal harmony is suspect, making it difficult to spread the gospel. Evangelizing is legal but visas are not granted for missionary work. Conversions to Christianity from Islam in Syria are rare and often met with opposition. Along with Islam, a major religion practiced in Syria and throughout the Arab world is the Druze faith, which maintains that God was incarnated thousands of years ago in a descendent of Muhammad. Conversions to or from the Druze faith are not allowed. In March 2001, three Druze men who had converted to Christianity were arrested by Syrian intelligence officials in Lebanon, where they had moved. The men were imprisoned for two months and released after signing papers stating that they would cease attending their church and sever contact with their pastor.

Information compiled from VOMC “Syria” www.persecution.net; CIA WorldFactBook “Syria”
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What are the Golan Heights?

The Golan Heights is a region of land in dispute between Israel and Syria. From 1948-1967 when Syria was in control of the area, its troops would randomly take sniper shots at Israeli civilians below in the Huleh Valley (Israel’s richest agricultural area), forcing people to sleep in bomb shelters. Syria also allowed Fatah (a terrorist group trying to liberate Palestine from Israel who mainly targets civilians) to operate some of its attacks from this area as well. Israel repeatedly, and unsuccessfully, protested the Syrian bombardments to the UN Mixed Armistice Commission, which was charged with policing the cease-fire. In October of 1966, Israel went to the UN to demand a halt to the Fatah attacks. The response from Damascus (Syria’s capital) by the Syrian ambassador was "It is not our duty to stop them, but to encourage and strengthen them." Nothing was done to stop Syria's aggression. In 1967, during the Six Day War with Syria, armored units fired on villages in the Huleh Valley. Israel moved against Syrian forces on the Golan and took complete control of the plateau. In Israel’s view, they only seized the strategic heights of the Golan after 19 years of provocation from Syria, and after unsuccessful efforts to get the international community to act against the aggressors. Six years later, in a surprise attack on Yom Kippur, the Syrians overran the Golan Heights before being repulsed by Israeli counterattacks. After the war, Syria signed a disengagement agreement that left the Golan in Israel's hands. Since that time, Syria has adhered to the cease-fire on the Golan, mostly because of the presence of Israeli troops within artillery range of Damascus. But during this time, Syria has provided a haven and supported numerous terrorist groups that attack Israel from Lebanon and other countries. These include the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP); the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), Hezbollah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine­General Command (PFLP­GC). In addition, Syria still deploys hundreds of thousands of troops-as much as 75 percent of its army-on the Israeli front near the Heights. For Israel, relinquishing the Golan to a hostile Syria could jeopardize its early-warning system against surprise attack. Israel has built radars on Mt. Hermon, the highest point in the region. If Israel withdrew from the Golan and had to relocate these facilities to the lowlands of the Galilee, they would lose much of their strategic effectiveness.

Information and picture from “The Goal Heights” by Mitchell Bard http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/golan_hts.html


How is Hizbollah affected by the Syrian Uprising?

Hizbollah’s status and power have diminished somewhat along side the Syrian uprising, mostly because of two factors. First, the decline of the Assad regime, and secondly the demand for the extradition of 4 men accused of murdering the former Prime Minister by an international tribunal. Hizbollah has clearly voiced its support of the Assad regime amidst the Syrian revolution, so Hizbollah flags are being burned in the streets of Syria along with the portrait of Nasrallah, the Secretary General of Hizbollah. Nasrallah has refused to give up the four ‘patriots’ despite international pressure. A weakening of Hizbollah’s power can be seen in its capital city of Nabatiye, in southern Lebanon. Hizbollah had imposed a strict prohibition on the sale of alcohol, and would forcibly shut down any store not in compliance. Recently though, Hizbollah has been reluctant to act and one can find alcohol for sale. When Hizbollah activists attacked a store selling alcohol in the village of Houla, for the first time they experienced resistance from leftist groups and members of the Communist Party who defended the sale of alcohol. The encounter is practically unheard of in recent decades, especially since the beginning of the 1980’s.
Information from “Hizbullah's Predicament in Light of Syria's Decline”
http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=296494

Why is Assad still in Power?

The revolution in Syria is taking place mainly because of the majority Sunni population. The minorities however have not joined in the revolution because they fear for their lives under a new regime. The Alawites make up 12% of the population and continue to back President Assad, who is a fellow Alawite. When the current President’s father was in power, he set up an extensive security structure that is being held in place by Alawite members. Christians, Druze, and Shiites also believe they need the current regimes protection from reprisals by the Sunni majority. In the last month though, Alawite religious and community leaders have been reaching out to Sunni religious leaders, like the Muslim Brotherhood, for guarantees of protection under a new regime.
Information from “To Topple Assad, It Takes a Minority”
http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=296496

Who are the Alawites?

Alawites broke off from the Shiites in the 9th century over the teaching of the twelve Shi’as. In their view, Ali (the cousin and son in law of Muhammad) was the bearer of divine essence and second only to Muhammad as an elevated prophet. The Alawites have seven pillars, five which are similar to other Muslims, but Alawites believe the pillars to be only symbols, not requirements. The other two pillars are jihad and waliya (devotion to Ali). They consider themselves to be moderate Shiites and they have often conflicted with other Islamic rulers and Muslims who claim that they are not really Muslims.
Information from “Unveiling Islam” by Ergun Mehmet Caner and Emir Fethi Caner
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Government Crackdown in Syria
http://youtu.be/RXcdwJnThhw

Inside Story-Syria’s 40 year rule challenged (March 2011)


Syria’s Christians: pro-change, but pro-regime (May 2011)
http://youtu.be/fXOEt-h8xh0

Israeli PM on Syria (July 2011)


Syria’s Christians Live in Fear


Renewed protests erupt across Syria (July 2011)


Iraqi Christians in Syria (Oct 2007)


Greatest Tank Battles: The Golan Heights 1/6


Greatest Tank Battles: The Golan Heights 2/6


Greatest Tank Battles: The Golan Heights 3/6


Greatest Tank Battles: The Golan Heights 4/6


Greatest Tank Battles: The Golan Heights 5/6


Greatest Tank Battles: The Golan Heights 6/6